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May 30, 2011

Technological first in India - for APPSC g1 & g2


Notes from:
http://www.leadthecompetition.in
Event Year
Broadcasting started in India1927
All India Radio established1936
Television started1959
Colour Television started1982
Railways started1853, April 16
1st electric train1925, Feb 23
First issue of Postal Stamp1825 (in Sind)
First Telegraph line1851 (Calcutta & Diamond Harbour)
Newspaper1781, Jan 29 Hicky Calcutta Gazette
First Atomic Power Station commissioned at Tarapur1969
First nuclear test carried out1974, 18 May
First satellite launched1975, 19 Apr
Internet came to India1995, Aug 15 (provided by BSNL)
First air mail in India & World Bumraulli to Allahabad (6 miles) 1911
First indigenously built submarine of IndiaShalki
India's first newsprint factory was set up atNepanagar (MP)

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First Recipients of Various Awards - for APPSC G1 & G2

Notes from:
http://www.leadthecompetition.in
BHARAT RATNA
1st Indian to be awarded the Bharat RatnaC Rajagopalachari
1st Bharat Ratna Awardee to become the President of IndiaDr. S. Radhakrishnan
1st person to be awarded the Bharat Ratna posthumouslyLal Bahadur Shastri
1st Scientist to be awarded the Bharat RatnaCV Raman
1st and only Industrialist to be awarded the Bharat RatnaJRD Tata
LITERARY AWARDS
1st Indian to be awarded the Nobel prize in literatureRabindranath Tagore
1st recipient of Bhartiya Jnanpith awardG Sankara Kurup
1st recipient of Sahitya Akademi Award for EnglishRK Narayan
1st person to receive Nobel prize for English literatureRudyard Kipling
1st Indian to receive the Booker prizeSalman Rushdie
1st Indian to receive the Pulitzer prize (Reporting category)Gobind Behari Lal
SPORTS AWARDS
1st recipient of Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna AwardViswanathan Anand
1st cricket player to be awarded the Arjuna AwardSalim Durrani
AWARDS IN THE FIELD OF SCIENCE
1st Indian scientist to be awarded the Nobel prizeCV Raman
1st person to receive Nobel prize for PhysicsWilliam K Roentgen
1st woman to receive the Nobel prizeMadame Curie (1903)
GALLANTRY AWARDS
1st winner of Param Vir ChakraMajor Somnath Sharma
1st and only Air Force person to receive the Param Vir ChakraFlying Officer Nirmaljit Shekhon
1st and only woman to receive the Ashoka ChakraNeerja Bhanot (1987)
FOREIGN AWARDS
1st Indian to be awarded the Nishan-e-PakistanMorarjee Desai
1st Indian to be awarded Magsaysay AwardVinoba Bhave
FILM AWARDS
1st winner of Dadasaheb Phalke AwardDevika Rani
1st winner of Filmfare best actor awardDilip Kumar
1st winner of Filmfare best actress awardMeena Kumari
1st Hindi film to win the National film AwardMirza Ghalib (1954)
1st film to win the Best Film Academy Award (Oscar) Wings (1927-28)
OTHER AWARDS
1st recipient of Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International UnderstandingU Thant (1965)
1st recipient of Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and DevelopmentParliamentarians for Global Action(1986)
1st recipient of World Food Prize instituted By Norman Brlaug (Father of Green Revolution)MS Swaminathan (Father of Green Revolution in India ), 1987
1st recipient of Communal Harmony Award (Individual)Asghar Ali Engineer, 1997
1st recipient of Communal Harmony Award (Organisation)Quami Ekta Trust, 1997
1st Asian recipient of Hoover Medal (America's prestigious award for outstanding extra-career services by engineers to humanity)APJ Abdul Kalam, 2008
1st recipient of VK Krishna Menon Award (instituted by London based VK Krishna Menon Foundation)Former CJI KG Balakrishnan

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First Appointees of India - for APPSC G1 & G2


 
1st PresidentDr. Rajendra Prasad
1st Vice-PresidentDr. S Radhakrishnan
1st Prime MinisterPt Jawaharlal Nehru
1st Home MinisterVallabhbhai Patel
1st Railway MinisterJohn Mathai
1st Defence MinisterSardar Baldev Singh
1st Finance MinisterRK Shanmugam Chetty
1st External Affairs MinisterJawaharlal Nehru
1st Governor General (Indian) C Rajagopalachari
1st Governor GeneralLord Mountbatten
1st Chief Justice of IndiaHarilal J Kania
1st Chief Election CommissionerSukumar Sen
1st Chief of Army StaffGen Rajendra Singhji
1st Chief of Air StaffAir Marshall Thomas Elmhirst
1st Chief of Naval StaffVice Admiral RD Katari

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Famous Slogans and their originators - for APPSC G1 & G2

Notes from:
http://www.leadthecompetition.in
SloganGiven by
Inquilab ZindabadBhagat Singh
Vande MataramBankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
Quit IndiaMahatma Gandhi
Freedom is my birthright and I shall have itBalgangadhar Tilak
Give me blood and I shall give you freedomSubhas Chandra Bose
Jai HindSubhas Chandra Bose
Do or dieMahatma Gandhi
Aaram haram haiJawaharlal Nehru
Jai Jawan Jai KisanLal Bahadur Shastri

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Important Age Limits - for APPSC G1 & G2

Description Age Limit
Minimum age for election to the post of President/Vice-President/Governor35 years
Minimum age for election as MP (Lok Sabha)/MLA25 years
Minimum age for election as MP (Rajya Sabha)/MLC30 years
Upper age limit for appointment as a judge of Supreme Court, Attorney General, Comptroller General65 years
Upper age limit for appointment as a judge of High court/ Advocate General62 years
Minimum age limit for employment in a factory14 years
Minimum marriage for a male21 years
Minimum marriage for a female18 years.

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May 17, 2011

Attorney General_ for APPSC G1 & G2

Article 76 provides for the Chief Law Officer i.e. the AG. He is appointed by the President. He should be qualified to be a Judge of Supreme Court i.e. must be citizen of India and
- Should have been Judge of some High court for atleast 5 years
- Or should have been an advocate of some High court for atleast 10 years
- Or eminent jurist in the eyes of the President
The term, conditions of service and procedure of removal is not mentioned in the Constitution. His salary and allowances are decided by President. He enjoys all privileges available to member of Parliament. He may be removed by the President any time and he holds office during the pleasure of the President. He can also sign a resignation letter to the President any time. Usually, the AG resigns when the government is replaced as he is appointed on advice of the government.

Duties and Functions
1. Advise government on legal matters
2. Duties of legal nature assigned by the President. They are:
a. Appear in Supreme Court on behalf of the government in all cases in which govt. is concerned.
b. Represent GOI in any reference made by President to Supreme Court u/a 143
c. Appear in High Court in all cases where GOI is concerned.
3. Functions prescribed by the Constitution or any other law.
Rights and Limitations
He can be audience in all Indian courts. He can take part in proceedings and has right to speak in both Houses of the Parliament or their joint sitting and any committee of Parliament of which he can be a member but will not have the right to vote.

There are limitations as following-
1. Should not advise or hold a brief against GOI
2. Should not advise or hold brief against GOI in cases in which he is called upon to appear on behalf of GOI or to advise on GOI
3. Should not defend people involved in criminal cases without the permission of the government.
4. Should not become the Director of any company without the permission of the government. But he is not debarred from private practice. So he is not full time counsel for the government. He is not of the category of government servants.
Solicitor General of India
Apart from AG, there are Solicitor General and additional Solicitor General who are law officers of government and who assist AG. Only the office of AG is created by Article 76 of the Constitution, and SG and ASG are not mentioned anywhere in Constitution.
Also AG is not a member of Cabinet. There is a Law Minister in the Cabinet to look after legal matters.

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Comptroller and Auditor General of India _ for APPSC G1 & G2

Article 148 provides for the Comptroller and Auditor General of India. He is an independent body. He is the Guardian of the public purse. He controls the financial system of our country at both Central and State level. He is the head of the Indian Audit and Accounts Department. While controlling the financial system he has to uphold the Constitution and laws of Parliament. So he is one of the bulwarks of the Democratic system. The other bulwarks are Election Commission, UPSC and Supreme Court.
The present CAG is Vinod Rai.
Appointment and the term
He is appointed by the President. He takes an oath
1. To bear true faith to the Constitution
2. To uphold the sovereignty and integrity of the nation
3. To perform his duties without fear or favour, affection or ill-will
4. To uphold the Constitution
He holds office for 6 yrs or upto 65 yrs whichever is earlier. He can resign at any time by writing a resignation letter to the President. He can be removed by the President in the same way as a judge of Supreme Court is removed. So a resolution for his removal needs to be passed by both the Houses of the Parliament with special majority either on grounds of misbehavior or incapacity.
Independence of Office
1. Can be removed by the President only in accordance with the Constitution
2. Not eligible for further office under GOI or of States.
3. His salary, allowances and other conditions of service are to be determined by the Parliament. His salary is equal to the Judge of a Supreme Court.
4. The conditions of service cannot be varied to his disadvantage after his appointment.
5. The conditions of service of people who work under Indian Audit and Accounts Dept. are determined by President only after consultation with CAG.
6. The salaries, allowances and pensions of CAG are charged from the Consolidated Fund of India and thus not subject to vote in Parliament.
No Minister can represent CAG in Parliament and thus is not responsible for any of acts undertaken by him.

Duties and Powers
Article 149 authorises Parliament to prescribe CAG's duties and powers related to accounts of Union and of States. So CAG's (Duties, powers and conditions of service) Act was passed by Parliament in 1971. This Act was amended in 1976 to separate Accounts from Audit in central government.

Duties and functions-
1. Auditing expenditure of Consolidated Fund of India, Consolidated Fund of States and Consolidated Funds of UTs having Legislative Assemblies
2. Auditing expenditure of Contingency Fund of India and of States and Public Account of India and of States
3. Auditing of all accounts, balance-sheets etc. of Departments of Central and State Governments
4. Auditing of receipts and expenditure of centre and States to check assessment , collection and allocation has been done properly or not.
5. Auditing of receipts and expenditure of all bodies financed from Central and State govt.s, govt. companies etc.
6. Auditing all transactions of govt. including debt, deposits etc.
7. Auditing accounts of any other authority eg. local bodies when requested by President or Governor.
8. Advises President regarding the form in which Central and State accounts should be kept( Art 150)
9. Submits audit reports regarding accounts of centre to President who places them before both Houses of the Parliament.
10. Submits audit reports regarding accounts of states to Governors who place them before State Legislatures.
11. He certifies " net proceeds" of tax or duty( proceeds- cost of collection) and his certification is final.
12. A philosopher, friend and a guide to Public Accounts Committee of Parliament.
13. He compiles and maintains accounts of State governments but not of Central governments due to separation of accounts and auditing depts. in 1976.
The CAG submits 3 reports to the President:
-Audit report on appropriation accounts
-Audit report on financial accounts
-Audit report on public undertakings
The President places them before the two Houses of the Parliament. Then, the Public Accounts Committee analyses them and reports its findings to the Parliament.
Role
The accountability of the Executive i.e. the Council of Ministers to the Parliament is secured through audit reports of CAG. CAG conducts audit of expenditure on the behalf of Parliament and is responsible only to Parliament.
CAG also ascertains whether money shown in accounts is applicable to services for which it has been charged. This is the legal and regulatory audit. In addition to this, he can conduct a propriety audit which is left on his discretion. Under this, he can look into wastefulness and extravagance of such expenditure and thus look into wisdom of the government.
On the auditing role, the limitation is on secret service expenditure. The CAG cannot call for particulars of expenditure incurred by executive agencies, but has to accept a certificate from a competent administrative authority that the expenditure has been so incurred.
In practice, CAG is playing the role of Auditor General only and not of the Comptroller as many departments of executive draw money by issuing cheques not needing his permission, so he has no control over issue of money from Consolidated Fund of India. However, in Britain, CAG is both Comptroller and Auditor General in practice.

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National Commission for Scheduled Castes _ for APPSC G1 & G2

National commission for SCs is a constitutional body as provided by Article 338 of the Constitution. Article 338 provides for a Commissioner for SCs and STs who would investigate matters related to safeguarding the interests of SCs and STs.
65th Constitutional Amendment Act,1990 provided for establishment of multimember National Commission in place of single Commissioner for SCs and STs.
89th Constitutional Amendment Act,2003 bifurcated the Commission into National Commission for SCs u/a 338 and National Commission for STs u/a 338
(a). The National Commission for SCs came into existence in 2004.
It consists of a Chairperson, Vice Chairperson and three other members. They are appointed by the President and their conditions of service and tenure of office are also determined by him.

Functions of the Commission-
1. Investigate and monitor matters relating to safeguarding interests of SCs, OBCs and Anglo Indians
2. Enquire into complaints made by SCs, OBCs and Anglo Indians regarding lack of rights.
3. Advice on socio- economic development of SCs,OBCs and Anglo Indians and look after progress of their development
4. Present reports to President annually and at other times if necessary about the safeguards
5. Recommend measures to be taken by government for protection, welfare and socio economic development of SCs, OBCs and Anglo Indians
6. If President specifies any other functions related to protection, welfare and socio economic development of SCs, OBCs and Anglo Indians

Report of Commission
The Commission submits the annual report to President who presents it before both the Houses of the Parliament, alongwith a memorandum explaining actions taken on the recommendations and reasons for non acceptance of any recommendations. In case the report pertains to State Government, he forwards it to respective Governor of the State who presents it before the State Legislature alongwith a memorandum explaining actions taken on recommendations and reasons for not accepting any recommendations.

Powers of the Commission
The Commission regulates its own procedure. While investigating complaints, it gets power of a civil court in following matters-
1. Summoning any person of India and examining him on oath
2. Requiring production of any document
3. Requisitioning any public record from a court or office
4. Receiving evidences on affidavits
5. Summoning anyone in order to examine witnesses and documents
6. Any other matter which President determines
On all policies affecting SCs, OBCs and Anglo Indians, the Central and State governments should consult the Commission.

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Union Public Service Commission _ for APPSC G1 & G2


Article 315-323 deal with the composition, appointment, removal and powers and functions of Central recruiting agency which is the Union Public Service Commission of India.
It is an independent Constitutional Body.
Composition
Chairman of the Commission and other members as the President decides from time to time. They are all appointed by the President himself. The President generally appoints nine to eleven members including the Chairman. Half of the members should have held office under GOI or State Government for atleast ten years.
The terms and conditions of service of all of the mentioned above are decided by the President himself.
The President also appoints a member as Acting Chairman who shall act as Chairman in case the office falls vacant and in case the Chairman is absent or ill.
Salaries, Allowances and other prerequisites of Chairman and other members
These are charged from Consolidated Fund of India.
Term of Office
6 yrs or 65 years of age whichever is earlier. They can resign at any time addressing their resignation to the President , or can also be removed at any time.
Removal of Chairman or member of Commission
1. If he is insolvent or bankrupt
2. If he holds some employment other than office of Commission
3. If he has unsound mind or unfit body
4. Incase of misbehavior like corruption or in case of interest in any contract made by government, President refers the matter to Supreme Court and if Supreme Court advises to remove him/ her, then only President can remove him/ her. During enquiry he/ she can be suspended.
Independence of Office
Chairman can be removed by the President in the manner mentioned in the Constitution. Secondly, the service conditions cannot be varied to his disadvantage after his appointment. The Chairman cannot be appointed further for any employment by Central or State government. A member of UPSC is eligible for appointment as the Chairman of UPSC or State Public Service Commission but not for any other employment under Central and State Government. The members or Chairman after completing their first term cannot apply for the same office for second term.
Powers and Functions
1. Conduction of exams for All India services, Central services and public services of centrally administered territories
2. If two or more states request to hold Joint Public Service Exam, it assists them in doing so
3. Serves all need of States on request of Governor and with the permission of President
4. Consulted by government regarding
a. Methods of recruitment to above stated services
b. Principles to be followed during recruitment, promotions and transfer of such services
c. Suitability of the candidates for recruitment, transfers and promotions in such services
d. Disciplinary matters including censure or severe disapproval, withholding of increments and promotions, demotions, compulsory retirement, removal from service etc.
e. Any claims for pensions due to injuries sustained while working under Government of India
f. Any claims of legal expenses in legal cases concerning his duties
g. Matters of temporary appointments more than a year
h. Matters of granting extension of civil service and re-employment of retired civil servants
i. Any other matter related to personnel management of any authority, corporate body etc. can be conferred on the UPSC by Parliament
If government acts without consultation, the decision of the government is still validated. Consultation is not mandatory.
Every year, a report is presented by UPSC to the President regarding its performance. The President presents the report before both the Houses of the Parliament alongwith a memorandum explaining reasons for not accepting the advice of the Commission. All such cases must be approved by the Appointment Committee of the Union Cabinet.
Limitations-
Functions not under the jurisdiction of UPSC:
1. Reservations for posts of SCs and STs
2. Claims of SCs and STs to services and posts
3. Selection for posts of group B and C services, highest diplomats etc.
4. Temporary appointments for less than a year.
The President can make regulations in respect to Central services and All India services, regarding matters in which UPSC is not to be consulted. These regulations should be placed before Parliament for atleast 14 days. The Parliament can amend or repeal them.
Role
UPSC is a watchdog of the merit system in India. It advices government regarding recruitment, promotion and disciplinary matters regarding group A and B services. It is not concerned with the classification of services, pay and service conditions and training which are handled by Department of Personnel and Training of Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions.
The role is not only limited, but the recommendations are also just advisory in nature. Even the government can regulate the scope of advisory functions of UPSC.
The emergence of Central Vigilance Commission in 1964 has affected the role of UPSC in disciplinary matters. Both are consulted by the government while taking disciplinary action against a civil servant. However, UPSC being an independent body has an edge over CVC which got statutory status in 2003.

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State Public Service Commission _ for APPSC G1 & G2


Article 315-323  deal with the composition, appointment, removal and powers and functions of  State recruiting agency  which is the State Public Service Commission of India.

It is an independent Constitutional Body.

 

Composition

Chairman of the Commission and other members as the Governor decides from time to time. They are all appointed by the Governor himself. Half of the members should have held office under GOI or State Government for atleast ten years.

The terms and conditions of service of all of the mentioned above are decided by the Governor  himself.

The Governor also appoints a member as Acting Chairman who shall act as Chairman in case the office falls vacant and in case the Chairman is absent or ill.

 

Salaries, Allowances and other prerequisites of Chairman and other members

These are charged from Consolidated Fund of State.

 

Term of Office    

6 yrs or 62 years of age whichever is earlier. They can resign at any time addressing their resignation to the Governor , or can also be removed at any time.

 

Removal  of Chairman or member of Commission

  1. If he is insolvent or bankrupt
  2. If he holds some employment other than office of Commission
  3. If he has unsound mind or unfit body
  4.  Incase of misbehavior like corruption or in case of interest in any contract made by government, President refers the matter to Supreme Court and if Supreme Court advises to remove him/ her, then only President can remove him/ her. During enquiry he/ she can be suspended. Though appointed by Governor, they are removed by President.

 

 

Independence of Office

Chairman  can be removed by the President in the manner mentioned in the Constitution. Secondly, the service conditions cannot be varied to his disadvantage after his appointment. The Chairman can be appointed as Chairman of UPSC or any other SPSCcannot  be appointed further for any other employment by Central or State government. A member of SPSC is eligible for appointment as the Chairman or member of UPSC or Chairman of any other State Public Service Commission or Chairman of same SPSC but not for any other employment under Central and State Government. The members or Chairman after completing their first term cannot apply for the same office for second term. but

 

Powers and Functions

  1. 1.      Conduction of exams for State services
  2. 2.      Consulted by government regarding
    1. a.     Methods of recruitment to above stated services
    2. b.     Principles to be followed during recruitment, promotions and transfer of such services
    3. c.        Suitability of the candidates for recruitment, transfers and promotions in such services
    4. d.     Disciplinary matters including censure or severe disapproval, withholding of increments and promotions, demotions, compulsory retirement, removal from service etc.
    5. e.      Any claims for pensions due to injuries sustained while working under Government of State
    6. f.          Any claims of legal expenses in legal cases concerning his duties
    7. g.     Any other matter related to personnel management of any local authority, corporate body etc. can be conferred on the SPSC by Parliament
    8. h.     SPSC is also consulted by Governor alongwith the High Court while making rules for appointments in Judicial services.

 

If government acts without consultation, the decision of the government is still validated. Consultation is not mandatory.

Every year, a report is presented by SPSC to the Governor  regarding its performance. The Governor  presents the report before both the Houses of the Legislature  alongwith a memorandum explaining reasons for not accepting the advice of the Commission.

 

Limitations-

Functions not under the jurisdiction of SPSC:

  1. 1.      Reservations for posts of SCs and STs
  2. 2.      Claims of SCs and STs to services and posts

 

The Governor can make regulations in respect to State  services, regarding matters in which SPSC is not to be consulted. These regulations should be placed before State Legislature for atleast 14 days. The State Legislature can amend or repeal them.

 

Role

SPSC is a watchdog of the merit system in state. It advices government regarding recruitment, promotion and disciplinary matters regarding state services. It is not concerned with the classification of services, pay and service conditions and training which are handled by Department of Personnel  or the General Administration Department. The role is not only limited, but the recommendations are also just advisory in nature. Even the government can regulate the scope of advisory functions of SPSC.

The emergence of State Vigilance Commission in 1964 has affected the role of SPSC in disciplinary matters. Both are consulted by the government while taking disciplinary action against a civil servant. However, SPSC being an independent body has an edge over SVC .

 

Joint State Public Service Commission

If State Legislatures of 2 or more states request the Parliament for JSPSC, then Parliament can create this by an Act. However JSPSC is a statutory and not a constitutional body.

 

Chairman and members of this Commission are appointed by President for 6 years or until they attain 62 yrs of age whichever is earlier. They can be suspended or removed by President. They can resign at any time and write resignation letters to President. The number of members and conditions of service are determined by President. The annual performance report is placed before all State Governors who place them before the respective Legislatures.

The UPSC can also serve the needs of the State on the request of Governor and by the permission of the President.

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FINANCE COMMISSION for Appsc G1 & G2


Article 280 provides for a Finance Commission which is a quasi judicial body. It is constituted after 5 years or earlier as President may decide.

Composition
Chairman and four members are appointed by President. They are eligible for reappointment.
The qualifications and the way of selection is to be decided by the Parliament. The Parliament seeks for following qualifications-
The Chairman should have experience in public affairs. The present chairman of 13th Finance Commission is Dr. Vijay Kelkar. He was appointed in 2007 and was expected to submit report in 2009 and the report shall be implemented from 2010 to 2015.
Four other members should be selected from any of these fields-
1. Judge of High Court or qualified to be appointed as one
2. Person having specialized knowledge of finance and accounts of government.
3. Person having wide experience in financial matters and also administration.
4. Person having special knowledge of economics.
Functions
Recommendations to the President on-
1. Distribution of net proceeds of taxes shared between Centre and States, and allocation between the States of respective shares of such proceeds.
2. Principles governing grant in aids by Centre to States
3. The measures needed to augment the consolidated fund of state in order to supplement resources of panchayats and municipalities in State.
4. Any matter in interest of sound finance as reffered to by President.
Till 1960, grants were given every yr to Assam, Bihar, Bengal and Orissa, as a share of net proceeds of exports of jute and jute products.
The reports are submitted by the commission to the President. He presents them before both Houses of the Parliament alongwith a memorandum explaining actions taken on its recommendations.
Advisory Role
Government is not bound by the recommendations of the Commission. However, P.V. Rajmannar says, Chairman of 4th Finance Commission says that recommendations should not be turned down by government unless it has very compelling reasons to do so.
Impact of PlanningCommission
The functions of Planning Commission and Finance Commission overlap in certain ways-
Art 275 says that FC will consider both capital and revenue requirements of the States in formulating a scheme of devolution and in recommendation of grants.
But after Planning Commission came into existence, which looks after plans, so it recommends loans and grants by Centre to States for plan projects. Now the FC will determine revenue gap in each State and look after filling up of gap by devolution, partly by grant in aid and partly by distributing taxes.

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National Commission for Scheduled Tribes for Appsc G1 & G2


Since 1999, Ministry of Tribal Affairs was looking after welfare and development of STs.
National commission for STs is a constitutional body as provided by Article 338(a) of the Constitution. It came into existence in 2004.
It consists of a Chairperson, Vice Chairperson and three other members. They are appointed by the President and their conditions of service and tenure of office are also determined by him.

Functions of the Commission-
1. Investigate and monitor matters relating to safeguarding interests of STs
2. Enquire into complaints made by STs regarding lack of rights.
3. Advice on socio- economic development of STs and look after progress of their development
4. Present reports to President annually and at other times if necessary about the safeguards
5. Recommend measures to be taken by government for protection, welfare and socio economic development of STs
6. If President specifies any other functions related to protection, welfare and socio economic development of STs
Report of Commission
The Commission submits the annual report to President who presents it before both the Houses of the Parliament, alongwith a memorandum explaining actions taken on the recommendations and reasons for non acceptance of any recommendations. In case the report pertains to State Government, he forwards it to respective Governor of the State who presents it before the State Legislature alongwith a memorandum explaining actions taken on recommendations and reasons for not accepting any recommendations.

Powers of the Commission
The Commission regulates its own procedure. While investigating complaints, it gets power of a civil court in following matters-
1. Summoning any person of India and examining him on oath
2. Requiring production of any document
3. Requisitioning any public record from a court or office
4. Receiving evidences on affidavits
5. Summoning anyone in order to examine witnesses and documents
6. Any other matter which President determines
On all policies affecting STs, the Central and State governments should consult the Commission.

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May 4, 2011

Logical Deduction ( SYLLOGISM ) : for Aptitude Part of APPSC G1 & G2


The phenomenon of deriving a conclusion from a single proposition or a set of given propositions, is known as logical deduction. The given propositions are also referred to as the premises.

Two Inferential Processes of Deduction :

I. Immediate Deductive Inference :

Here, conclusion is deduced from one of the given propositions, by any of the three ways -conversion, obversion and contraposition.

1. Conversion: The Conversion proceeds with interchanging the subject term and the predicate term i.e. the subject term of the premise becomes the predicate term of the conclusion and the predicate term of the premise becomes the subject of the conclusion. The given proposition is called convertend, whereas the conclusion drawn from it is called its converse.

Table of Valid Conversions

ConvertendConverse
A: All S is P
Ex. All pins are tops.
I: Some P is S
Some tops are pins.
E: No S is P.
Ex. No fish is whale.
E: No P is S.
No whale is fish.
I: Some S is P.
Ex. Some boys are poets.
I: Some P is S.
Some poets are boys.
O: Some S is not P.No valid conversion

Note that in a conversion, the quality remains the same and the quantity may change.

2. Obversion: In obversion, we change the quality of the proposition and replace the predicate term by its complement.

Table of Valid Obversions

ObvertendObverse
A: All birds are mammals.E: No birds are non-mammals.
E: No poets are singers.A: All poets are non-singers.
I: Some nurses are doctors.O: Some nurses are not non-doctors.
O: some politicians are not statesmen.I: Some politicians are non-statesmen.

3. Contraposition: To obtain the contrapositive of a statement, we first replace the subject and predicate terms in the proposition and then exchange both these terms with their complements.

Table of Valid Contrapositions

PropositionContrapositive
A: All birds are mammals.A: All non-mammals are non-birds.
I: Some birds are mammals.I: Some non-mammals are non-birds.

Note: The valid converse, obverse or contrapositive of a given proposition always logically follows from the proposition.

II. Mediate Deductive Inference (SYLLOGISM): First introduced by Aristotle, a Syllogism is a deductive argument in which conclusion has to be drawn from two propositions referred to as the premises.

Example:

1. All lotus are flowers.

2. All flowers are beautiful.

3. All lotus are beautiful.

Clearly, the propositions 1 and 2 are the premises and the proposition 3, which follows from the first two propositions, is called the conclusion.

Term : In Logic, a term is a word or a combination of words, which by itself can be used as a subject or predicate of a proposition.

Syllogism is concerned with three terms :

1. Major Term : It is the predicate of the conclusion and is denoted by P (first letter of 'Predicate').

2. Minor Term: It is the subject of the conclusion and is denoted by S (first letter of 'Subject').

3. Middle Term: It is the term common to both the premises and is denoted by M (first letter of 'Middle').

Example:

Premises:

1. All dogs are animals.

2. All tigers are dogs.

Conclusion :

All tigers are animals.

Here 'animals' is the predicate of the conclusion and so,.it is the major term. P.

'Tigers' is the subject of the conclusion and so, it is the minor term, S.

'Dogs' is the term common to both the premises and so, it is the middle term, M.

Major And Minor Premises : Of the two premises, the major premise is that in which the middle term is the subject and the minor premise is that in which the middle term is the predicate.

RULES FOR DERIVING CONCLUSION FROM TWO GIVEN PREMISES:

1. The conclusion does not contain the middle term.

Example.

Statements :

1. All men are girls.

2. Some girls are students.

Conclusions :

1. All girls are men.

2. Some girls are not students.

Since both the conclusions 1 and 2 contain the middle term 'girls', so neither of them can follow.


2. No term can be distributed in the conclusion unless it is distributed in the premises.

Example.

Statements :

1. Some dogs are goats.

2. All goats are cows.

Conclusions :

1. All cows are goats.

2. Some dogs are cows.

Statement 1 is an I-type proposition which distributes neither the subject nor the predicate.

Statement 2 is an A type proposition which distributes the subject i.e. 'goats' only.

Conclusion 1 is an A-type proposition which distributes the subject 'cow' only Since the term 'cows' is distributed in conclusion 1 without being distributed in the premises, so conclusion 1 cannot follow.


3. The middle term (M) should he distributed at least once in the premises. Otherwise, the conclusion cannot follow.

For the middle term to be distributed in a premise.

(i) M must be the subject if premise is an A proposition.

(ii) M must be subject or predicate if premise is an E proposition.

(iii) M must be predicate if premise is an O proposition.

Note that in an I proposition, which distributes neither the subject nor the predicate, the middle term cannot be distributed.

Example.

Statements :

1. All fans are watches.

2. Some watches are black.

Conclusions :

1. All watches are fans.

2. Some fans are black.

In the premises, the middle term is 'watches'. Clearly, it is not distributed in the first premise which is an A proposition as it does not form its subject. Also, it is not distributed in the second premise which is an I proposition. Since the middle term is not distributed even once in the premises, so no conclusion follows.


4. No conclusion follows

(a) if both the premises are particular

Example.

Statements :

1. Some books are pens.

2. Some pens are erasers.

Conclusions:

1. All books are erasers.

2. Some erasers are books.

Since both the premises are particular, so no definite conclusion follows.

(b) if both the premises are negative.

Example.

Statements :

1. No flower is mango.

2. No mango is cherry.

Conclusions :

1. No flower is cherry.

2. Some cherries are mangoes. Since both the premises are negative, neither conclusion follows.

(c) if the major premise is particular and the minor premise is negative.

Example.

Statements:

1. Some dogs are bulls.

2. No tigers are dogs.

Conclusions:

1. No dogs are tigers.

2. Some bulls are tigers.

Here, the first premise containing the middle term 'dogs' as the subject is the major premise and the second premise containing the middle term 'dogs' as the predicate is the minor premise. Since the major premise is particular and the minor premise is negative, so no conclusion follows.


5. If the middle term is distributed twice, the conclusion cannot be universal.

Example.

Statements :

1. All fans are chairs.

2. No tables are fans.

Conclusions:

1. No tables are chairs.

2. Some tables are chairs.

Here, the first premise is an A proposition and so, the middle term 'fans' forming the subject is distributed. The second premise is an E proposition and so, the middle term 'fans' forming the predicate is distributed. Since the middle term is distributed twice, so the conclusion cannot be universal.


6. If one premise is negative, the conclusion must be negative.

Example.

Statements:

1. All grasses are trees.

2. No tree is shrub.

Conclusions:

1. No grasses are shrubs.

2. Some shrubs are grasses.

Since one premise is negative, the conclusion must be negative. So, conclusion 2 cannot follow.


7. If one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular.

Example.

Statements:

1. Some boys are thieves.

2. All thieves are dacoits.

Conclusions :

1. Some boys are dacoits.

2. All dacoits are boys.

Since one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular. So, conclusion 2 cannot follow.


8. If both the premises are affirmative, the conclusion must be affirmative.

Example.

Statements :

1. All women are mothers.

2. All mothers are sisters.

Conclusions :

1. All women are sisters.

2. Some women are not sisters.

Since both the premises are affirmative, the conclusion must be affirmative. So, conclusion 2 cannot follow.


9. If both the premises are universal, the conclusion must be universal.

Complementary pair:

A pair of contradictory statements i.e. a pair of statements such that if one is true, the other is false and when no definite conclusion can be drawn, either of them is bound to follow, is called a complementary pair. E and I-type propositions together form a complementary pair and usually either of them follows, in a case where we cannot arrive at a definite conclusion, using the rules of syllogism.

Let us study the various possible cases and draw all possible inferences in each case, along with verification through Venn diagrams.

Case 1: All men are boys. All boys are students.

Immediate Deductive Inferences:

The converse of first premise i.e. 'Some boys are men' and the converse of second premise i.e. 'Some students are boys' both hold.

Mediate Deductive Inferences:

Since both the premises are universal and affirmative, the conclusion must be universal affirmative. Also, the conclusion should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'All men are students'. The converse of this conclusion i.e. 'Some students are men' also holds.

Case 2: All birds are animals. All fishes are animals.

Immediate Deductive Inferences:

The converse of first premise i.e. 'Some animals are birds' and the converse of second premise i.e. 'Some animals are fishes' both hold.

Mediate Deductive Inferences:

Both, being A-type propositions, distribute subject only. Thus, the middle term 'animals' is not distributed even once in the premises. So, no definite conclusion follows.

Case 3: All puppets are dolls. Some dolls are rattles.

Immediate Deductive Inferences:

The converse of the first premise i.e. 'Some dolls are puppets' and the converse of the second premise i.e. 'Some rattles are dolls', both hold.

Mediate Deductive Inferences:

First premise, being an A-type proposition, distributes the subject only while the second premise, being an I-type proposition, distributes neither subject nor predicate. Since the middle term 'dolls' is not distributed even once in the premises, so no definite conclusion can be drawn.

Case 4: Some writers are players. All players are musicians.

Immediate Deductive Inferences :

The converse of the first premise i.e. 'Some players are writers' and the converse of the second premise i.e. 'Some musicians are players', both hold.

Mediate Deductive Inferences:

Since one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'Some writers are musicians'. The converse of this conclusion i.e. 'Some musicians are writers' also holds.

Case 5: All boxes are toys. Some boxes are clips.

Immediate Deductive Inferences :

The converse of the first premise i.e. 'Some toys are boxes' and the converse of the second premise i.e. 'Some clips are boxes', both hold.

Mediate Deductive Inferences:

Since one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'Some toys are clips'. The converse of this conclusion i.e. 'Some clips are toys' also holds.

Case 6: All buses are vans. Some cycles are vans.

Immediate Deductive Inferences:

The converse of the first premise i.e. 'Some vans are buses' and the converse of the second premise i.e. 'Some vans are cycles', both hold.

Mediate Deductive Inferences:

First premise, being an A-type proposition, distributes subject only and the second premise, being an I-type proposition, distributes neither subject nor predicate. So, the middle term 'vans' is not distributed even once in the premises. Hence, no definite conclusion can be drawn.

Case 7: Some radios are cameras. Some cameras are statues.

Immediate Deductive Inferences:

The converse of the first premise i.e. 'Some cameras are radios' and the converse of the second premise i.e. 'Some statues are cameras', both hold.

Mediate Deductive Inferences :

Since both premises are particular, no definite conclusion follows.

Case 8: All cakes are candies. No candy is pastry.

Immediate Deductive Inferences:

The converse of the first premise i.e. 'Some candies are cakes' and the converse of the second premise i.e. 'No pastry is candy', both hold.

Mediate Deductive Inferences:

Since both premises are universal, the conclusion must be universal. Since one premise is negative, the conclusion must be negative. So, it follows that 'No cake is pastry'. The converse of this conclusion i.e. 'No pastry is cake' also holds.

Case 9: No coin is ring. All rings are bangles.

Immediate Deductive Inferences :

The converse of the first premise i.e. 'No ring is coin' and the converse of the second premise i.e.'Some bangles are rings', both hold.

Mediate Deductive Inferences:

First premise, being an E-type proposition, distributes both the subject and the predicate.

Second premise, being an A-type proposition, distributes the subject. Thus, the middle term 'ring' is distributed twice in the premises. So, the conclusion cannot be universal. Also, since one premise is negative, the conclusion must be negative. Thus, the conclusion must be particular negative i.e. O-type. So, it follows that 'some bangles are not coins'.

Case 10: Some lamps are candles. No candle is bulb.

Immediate Deductive Inferences :

The converse of the first premise i.e. 'Some candles are lamps' and the converse of the second premise i.e. 'No bulb is candle', both hold.

Mediate Deductive Inferences:

Since one premise is particular and the other negative, the conclusion must be particular negative i.e. O-type, So, it follows that 'Some lamps are not bulbs'.

Important Points To Remember:

While deriving logical conclusions, always remember that the following conclusions hold :

1. The converse of each of the given premises;

2. The conclusion that directly follows from the given premises in accordance with the rules of syllogism;

3. The converse of the derived conclusions.

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May 2, 2011

APPSC G1 Mains - Paper 3 - Section 1 - Chapter 3 - full notes Telugu Medium

APPSC GROUP  1 Material - Useful Links - Full Notes
Syllabus:
Poverty and unemployment problems-- magnitude and measures initiated to ameliorate
them.
size : 8MB

Format : PDF
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 appsc g1 mains notes , andhra economy, appsc group 2, telugu medium material appsc

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