సౌర శక్తే -విప్లవం , రకాలు,లక్ష్యాలు, సామర్థ్యం & సమృద్ధి

శక్తి సంక్షోభం ఆధునిక సాంకేతిక ప్రపంచానికి సవాల్ విసురుతోంది. ఓవైపు క్షీణిస్తున్న సంప్రదాయ ఇంధన వనరుల లభ్యత... మరోవైపు పర్యావరణ విషతుల్యత...  ప్రకృతి ప్రసాదితమైన సంప్రదాయేతర ఇంధన వనరుల ప్రాధాన్యతను గుర్తుచేస్తున్నాయి.  ఈ నేపథ్యంలో ప్రపంచం సౌర వెలుగులవైపు చూస్తోంది. భానుని కిరణాలే భవిష్యత్ శక్తి వనరుగా భావిస్తూ వడివడిగా అడుగులేస్తోంది. తరగని వనరుగా...  సమస్త జీవకోటి మనుగడకు మూలాధారమైన సౌర శక్తితో పరిస్థితిని చక్కదిద్దుకుంటోంది. ప్రస్తుతం ప్రపంచంలో నెలకొన్న శక్తి సంక్షోభానికి ప్రత్యామ్నాయం... సౌరకిరణమే.  

 దేశ ఆర్థిక, సామాజిక ప్రగతికి శక్తి వెన్నెముక. ఒక దేశ తలసరి శక్తి వినియోగం ఆధారంగా ఆ దేశ అభివృద్ధిని పరిగణిస్తారు. ప్రస్తుతం భారత్‌లో శక్తి సంక్షోభం తీవ్ర స్థాయిలో ఉంది. గుజరాత్, ఛత్తీస్‌గడ్ మినహా అన్ని రాష్ట్రాల్లోనూ విద్యుత్ లోటు కనిపిస్తోంది. ఇక దక్షిణాది విషయానికి వస్తే... ఐదు రాష్ట్రాల్లోనూ విద్యుత్ రంగం తీవ్ర సంక్షోభంలో ఉంది. దీనికి కారణం కేవలం బొగ్గు వంటి సంప్రదాయ శక్తి వనరులపై ఆధారపడటమే. ప్రస్తుత, భవిష్యత్ తరాల అవసరాలు, అభివృద్ధిని దృష్టిలో పెట్టుకొని శక్తి భద్రతను సాధించాలంటే సౌరశక్తి వంటి పునర్వినియోగ శక్తి వనరులపై ఆధారపడటం తప్పనిసరి.

 సౌర శక్తే ఎందుకంటే?

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Land Degradation in India - Causes & Impacts

Land occupies about 29 per cent of the earth's surface, the rest 71 per cent is water. Land has soils, forests, agricultural lands, mountains, human habitations, animals, water bodies, etc. These components make up the land system, that supports the biodiversity in a region.

Man has been exploiting land and its resources. He has been clearing forest lands for agriculture. However, over the years, the agricultural practices have undergone a great change. Today, man cultivates genetically modified food crops and cash crops. These require a change in the techniques of production and support systems like better irrigation facilities, inputs like fertilizers, and pesticides. The demand of growing population for shelter, economic activities, transportation and recreational activities have added pressure on the land-use pattern. In order to meet the demand for land, natural lands are being converted to other land- use patterns, resulting in destruction of the land cover.

The change in land-use patterns induced by human activities can be judged from the following:

(i)         From 1700 to the mid-1980s, the cropland increased globally from 392% to 466%. It naturally grew at the expense of forest, grassland and wetlands.

(ii)        The net irrigated cropland has increased, over the last 200 years, from 80,000 sq. km. to 2,000,000 sq. km.

(iii)       The worldwide tree cover has decreased by about 15%. It is estimated that the annual global loss in forest cover may be as high as 1200,000 sq. km.

(iv)       Land-cover change has led to the loss of 27,000 species annually in tropical forests.

CAUSES OF LAND DEGRADATION:

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Bi - Fi and Nano Medicine

Bi -Fi

ఎం- 13 అనే వైరస్‌లో ఉండే కీలక గుణాల ఆధారంగా స్టాన్‌ఫోర్డ్ విశ్వవిద్యాలయానికి చెందిన శాస్త్రవేత్తలు కణం నుంచి మరో కణానికి జన్యు సమాచారాన్ని పంపే విధంగా తొలిసారి Bi -Fi అనే యంత్రాంగం లేదా ఇంటర్నెట్ సష్టించారు. 
-కణాల మధ్య సంభవించే సంక్లిష్టమైన సమాచారం సరఫరావ్యవస్థతో పాటు వివిధ సముదాయాల మధ్య నెలకొన్న జీవరసాయన ప్రతిచర్యలపై గొప్ప నియంత్రణ వ్యవస్థలను కణాలు ప్రదర్శిస్తుంటాయి.
-ఎం -13 వైరస్ జన్యు సందేశాల పుట్ట డీఎన్‌ఏ పోగుల సాయంతో అతిథేయి శరీరంలో పునరుత్పత్తి జరుపుతుంది. 
- ఎం -13 ఆధారిత వ్యవస్థ ప్రధానంగా ఒక సమాచార మాధ్యమం ఒక వైర్‌లెస్ ఇంటర్‌నెట్ కనెక్షన్‌లాగా పనిచేస్తూ కణాలు సందేశాలను పొందడం లేదా పంపడం జరుగుతుంటుంది. కానీ పంపబడుతున్న సందేశాల్లో ఎటువంటి సమాచారం ఉందన్న సంగతి వాటికి తెలియదు.

నానో మెడిసిన్స్..

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Akash Missile of India - SAM - for Civil Services Topics

• The Akash (sky) is a mid-range surface-to-air missile (SAM) system which can fly at supersonic speeds ranging from Mach 2.8 to 3.5. The missile is being developed under the integrated guided-missile development programme (IGMDP). Other missiles in the programme include Nag, Agni and Trishul missiles, as well as the Prithvi ballistic missile.
• The kill probability of the missile is 88% and can be increased to 98.5% by launching the second missile after five seconds of launching the first.
• The Akash SAM system can employ multiple air targets while operating in fully autonomous mode.
• The Akash system is fully mobile and capable of protecting a moving convoy of vehicles. The launch platform has been integrated with both wheeled and tracked vehicles.

Developed by:

• developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO),
• Ordnance Factories Board and
• Bharat Electronics (BEL) in India

Composition and Structure of Missiles:
Each Akash battery consists of four self-propelled Launchers (3 Akash SAMs each), a Battery Level Radar - the Rajendra, and a Command post (Battery Control Centre). In other way we can say, that an Akash battery comprises four 3D phased array radars and four launchers with three missiles each, all of which are interlinked. Each battery can track up to 64 targets and attack up to 12 of them.

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INS Vikramaditya - some amazing facts to be known

INS Vikramaditya - Brave as the Sun

Type: Aircraft Carrier to serve India for 40 years

Origin: Russia, commissioned in 1987

Original Name: Admiral Gorshkov

Capacity: 45,000-tonne aircraft carrier.

• The carrier was purchased by India on January 20, 2004 after years of negotiations at a final price of $ 2.35 Billion in 2010.
• The 284 metre-long and 60-metre-high INS Vikramaditya has a displacement of 45,000 tons, and an endurance of 13,500 nautical miles (25,000 km) at a cruising speed of 18 knots.
• When delivered, the INS Vikramaditya will be a 90-per cent new ship and will remain in service for 40 years.
• The futuristic missile defence system that was supposed to be fitted on the Vikramaditya, called the Long Range Surface to Air Missile (LR-SAM).
• A fleet of MiG-29K naval fighters designated for INS Vikramaditya have already arrived. The on-board arrester wire of the carrier has been designed to support the MiGs and indigenous naval version of the Light Combat Aircraft.

What is LR-SAM Technology being jointly developed by India and Israel?

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Coal - Formation, Types, Effect of Sulphur in Coal, Coal Distribution in World & India

Coal-  Also called as Black gold, second largest fuel source in global energy resources. Non-renewable sources, which include coal, oil and natural gas, have been the traditional sources of power for industry, transport and domestic users. Coal originates from the remains of trees, bushes. ferns, mosses, and other forms of plant life that flourished in  swamps and marshes millions of years ago. Important products are derived from coal by a process called pyrolysis-heating of coal in the absence of air which produces coke (a residue) and volatile matter such as coal gas, and a liquid known as coal tar.

Coal varies widely in important physical characteristics such as energy content, carbon percentage, moisture content, presence of contaminants such as sulfur, etc.

High-rank coals are high in carbon and therefore heat value, but low in hydrogen and oxygen. Low-rank coals are low in carbon but high in hydrogen and oxygen content.

Types of Coal and Their Characteristics
Coal Type	Percent Carbon	Heating Range Values (MMBtu/ton)	Heating Avg. (MMBtu/ton)	Moisture Content by Weight	Sulfur Content by Weight
Anthracite (hard coal)	86-97%	22 to 28	25	usually < 15%	0.6%
Bituminous (soft coal)	86-45%	21 to 30	24	usually < 20%	1.4%
Subbituminous (black lignite)	35-45%	17 to 24	18	20-30%	0.4%
Lignite (brown coal)	< 35%	9 to 17	13	as much as 45%	1.0%

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INS Viraat - oldest but discover how it is continuing to serve India till 2016

INS Viraat (R22)

Type: Centaur class aircraft carrier.

INS Viraat has completed 25 years of its active service with the Indian Navy in 2012.

She began as the Centaur-class HMS Hermes of the British Royal Navy in 1959, born during a late World War 2. India acquired the British commando carrier HMS Hermes(earlier name) in 1987, renamed it INS Viraat and placed it under the Western Naval Command in Mumbai.

• the oldest carrier in service.
• 28,000 tonne aircraft carrier.
• steam-propelled ship.
• INS Viraat in service till 2016-18.

INS Viraat (R22)

Normally, a warship of Viraat’s size has an effective operational life of about 25 years. However, the Navy’s ingenious ways of making the ageing warship plough on well after its golden jubilee has baffled and amazed the world.

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Ashoka - first supercomputing hub for Indian Agriculture Setup in 2014

What is so special about Ashoka Super computer?

Ashoka Super Computing Hub Full name: Advanced Supercomputing Hub for Omics Knowledge in Agriculture.

ASHOKA is the name of India's first supercomputing hub for Indian Agriculture has been established at Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics (CABin). ASHOKA is a Super-Computing hub of computational biology and bioinformatics to support biotechnological research in agriculture. This hub consists of hybrid hardware architecture of Linux and Windows based clusters, distributed over six national institutions across the country  to form National Agricultural Bioinformatics Grid (NABG).

Purpose of Ashoka Supercomputer:

To identify new gens to improve Agriculture productivity.

Helps scientists is to understand the metabolic pathways easily.

The supercomputing hub is poised to bridge the gap between genomic information and knowledge by utilizing statistical and computational sciences.

This hub connects to supercomputing systems to form a National Agricultural Bioinformatics Grid that includes: 

a) National Bureaux of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR) in New Delhi, and Lucknow

b) National Bureaux of Agriculturally Important Microbes (NBAIM) in Mau, and

c) National Bureaux of Agriculturally Important Insects (NBAII) in Bangalore.

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Difference between conventional and non conventional sources of Energy

Conventional Energy Resources:

Convention really means tradition thus conventional resources are those resources which are being used from past by humans. But these resources are not eco friendly and their carbon particles do not combust properly. The conventional sources of Energy includes :

-Coal, petroleum natural gas are the conventional sources for Thermal power in India.

-Water is the conventional source for Hydel Power, etc

Non conventional Energy Resources are those which are recently discovered and their technology was not fully matured and is under research stage of development.

Non-conventional (or unusual) sources of energy include:

• Solar power

• Hydro-electric power (dams in rivers)

• Wind power

• Tidal power

• Ocean wave power

• Geothermal power (heat from deep under the ground)

• Ocean thermal power (the difference in heat between shallow and deep water)

• Biomass (burning of vegetation to stop it producing methane)

• Biofuel (producing ethanol (petroleum) from plants

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PSLV - Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (Telugu Medium)

పీఎస్‌ఎల్‌వీ(పోలార్ శాటిలైట్ లాంచింగ్ వెహికిల్) వాహక నౌక భారత్‌కు నమ్మిన బంటు. ఆ ఉపగ్రహ వాహక నౌకతో జరిపిన ప్రయోగాల్లో మొదటిది తప్ప మిగతావన్నీ విజయవంతమయ్యాయి. అందుకే దీనిని భారత్‌కు నమ్మిన బంటు అంటున్నారు. 

పోలార్ శాటిలైట్ లాంచింగ్ వెహికల్‌ను సంక్షిప్తంగా పీఎస్‌ఎల్‌వీ అని వ్యవహరిస్తారు. ఈ ఉపగ్రహ వాహకనౌకతో 2014, ఏప్రిల్ వరకు మొత్తం 26 ప్రయోగాలు జరిపారు. అందులో 25 ప్రయోగాలు విజయవంతం చేసిన పీఎస్‌ఎల్‌వీ వాహక నౌక ఇస్రో జవనాశ్వంగా భాసిల్లుతోంది. ఇందులో పీఎస్‌ఎల్‌వీ, పీఎస్‌ఎల్‌వీ-సీఏ, పీఎస్‌ఎల్‌వీ-ఎక్స్‌ఎల్(ఎక్స్‌ట్రా లార్జ్) అనే వర్షన్లను ఇప్పటివరకు ప్రయోగించారు. వర్షన్ మారినకొద్ద్దీ ఈ రాకెట్లలో కొన్ని అభివద్ధికరమైన మార్పులు చేస్తూ వచ్చారు. 1993, సెప్టెంబర్‌లో తొలిసారిగా ప్రయోగించిన పీఎస్‌ఎల్‌వీకి 1,678 కిలోలపైగా బరువున్న ఉపగ్రహాలను భూమికి 620 కి.మీ. ఎత్తున కక్ష్యలోకి ప్రవేశపెట్టే సామర్థ్ధ్యముంది. పీఎస్‌ఎల్‌వీ-సీఏ, 1,100 కిలోల బరువున్న ఉపగ్రహాన్ని భూమికి 622 కిలోమీటర్ల ఎత్తున సూర్యఅనువర్తన ధవ కక్ష్య(sun synchronous orbit)లోకి ప్రవేశపెట్టగలదు. ఇందులో సీఏ అంటే కోర్ ఎలోన్ అని అర్థం. దీన్ని 2007, ఏప్రిల్ 23న మొదటగా ప్రయోగించారు. ఇక పీఎస్‌ఎల్‌వీ-ఎక్స్‌ఎల్ విషయానికొస్తే 2008, అక్టోబర్‌లో తొలిసారిగా ప్రయోగించారు. దీని పేలోడ్ సామర్థ్యం 1,800 కిలోలకు పైగానే ఉంటుంది. ప్రస్తుతం పీఎస్‌ఎల్‌వీ-హెచ్‌పీ వర్షన్ అభివద్ధి దశలో ఉంది. దీని ద్వారా 2,000 కిలోల బరువున్న ఉపగ్రహాలను అంతరిక్షంలోకి ప్రవేశపెట్టే వీలుకలుగుతుంది. 

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Transgenic Animals - Methods of Transgensis , Applications of Transgenic Animals.

What   are   transgenic  animals?  What   are   the   methods  of transgensis ?

Animals that have their DNA manipulated to possess and express on extra (foreign) gene are known as transgenic animals. Transgenic rats, rabbits, pigs, cows and fish have been produced although over 95% of all existing transgenic animals are mice. In  creating  a  transgenic  animal,  the  transgene should be introduced  just  after  fertilization  into  the  male  pro-nucleus known as ‘transgensis’.

There are 3 methods of transgensis.

1. Micro –Injection

2. Nuclear Transplant

3. Trans-embryo technology.

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What are Chromosome? Their Role in Cell Division? Chromosome number in different species

Humans, as you know, have 23 pairs of chromosomes, such that each pair is made up of homologous chromosomes.  Cells that have this type of arrangement of their chromosomes, meaning, cells that have pairs of chromosomes, are called diploid.

Some organisms are composed of cells with only one of each type of chromosome.  These cells do not have homologous chromosomes and are called haploid.

Some other organisms contain cells that are made up of many of each type of chromosome, so they have 3 or 4 or 6 or whatever homologous chromosomes!  These are called polyploid.

Different organisms contain different numbers of chromosomes.

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APPSC Notification: APPSC Material for APPSC Group 1 Notification Mains Paper 4

Every Post is Worth Reading in this Section

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What is timber extraction & types of Timber Extraction?

What is Timber Extraction?

Wood used for engineering purposes like building houses, making furniture is called timber . The products derived from limber have been important to many civilizations, and thus it has acquired value within these civilizations. There has always existed a powerful incentive for individuals to capture the wood value of old growth timber.

Timber extraction results in deforestation and in the fragmentation of the last remaining forests. It harms valuable species of trees, birds and wild animals. In spite of this, it is sometimes necessary to extract timber, so as to meet the needs of a developing country. During the extraction of timber, cutting, felling and handling should be done selectively, carefully and in a planned manner, in order to save the remaining forests and biodiversity.

Types of Timber extraction:

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Dams and their Effects on Forests and Tribal People in India

Dams and their Effects on Forests and Tribal People in India

India is one of the largest dam-building nations in the world and  the fact is that dams are the single largest cause of human displacement in India and account for 75 per cent to 80 per cent of displacement of about four to five crore people.

The impact of large dams on forests and on the lifestyle and identity of tribal people is extremely high. Almost 40 per cent of those displaced by dams belong to scheduled tribes and 20 per cent to schedule castes. Only 25 per cent of the displaced people have been rehabilitated so far.

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Chapter 2 Science and Technology Paper 3 - Section 1 - APPSC G1 Mains

APPSC  Telugu medium Material for government jobs  notifications in Andhra Pradesh. Useful for APPSC Group 1 Mains syllabus part of Science and technology Paper 4 Section 1 Topics. Notes of  Ch Mohan. 

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Chapter 1 Science and Technology Paper 3 - Section 1 - APPSC G1 Mains

APPSC  Telugu medium Material for government jobs  notifications in Andhra Pradesh. Useful for APPSC Group 1 Mains syllabus part of Science and technology Paper 4 Section 1 Topics. Notes of  Ch Mohan. This chapter covers the following topics- National policy of science and technology and changes in the policy from time to time, Technology Missions.

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INS Arihant -first nuclear submarine of ATV Project started in 1974

The 'Arihant' India's first indigenous nuclear submarine was launched on July 26, 2009, and after 4 years the reactor reached Criticality in August 2013. ( What is Criticality?)

• Type - Nuclear Submarine.
• It will however take another two years of trials for the 6,000-tonne submarine to finally become operational and ready to be deployed.
• Once operational, the submarine will provide India the third leg of its nuclear triad — the capacity to fire nuclear weapons from land, sea and air. The army has nuclear capable Agni and Prithvi-II missiles in its arsenal and the air force has aircraft capable of delivering nuclear warheads.
• With this, India becomes the sixth nation in the world to have the capability to design and construct a nuclear submarine and the only country in the Indian Ocean region to have a nuclear submarine.

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INS Chakra 2 nuclear submarine -Can it boosts Indian Navy?

INS Chakra 2

• Other Name: K-152 Nerpa (INS Chakra II) of Akula Class - Project 971U Shchuka-B class
• Nerpa, re-commissioned as the INS Chakra II.
• Type: Rented from Russia for 10 years.
• Inducted into navy in the year - 2010

Topics To Be Read	Initially, INS Nerpa Nuclear Submarine was to be delivered in 2007, but the adjustment of its equipment took longer than expected. In 2008, the submarine’s fire safety system accidentally activated during trials in the Sea of Japan, killing 20 people. Among the dead, 17 were civilian technical specialists.
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Initially, INS Nerpa Nuclear Submarine was to be delivered in 2007, but the adjustment of its equipment took longer than expected. In 2008, the submarine’s fire safety system accidentally activated during trials in the Sea of Japan, killing 20 people. Among the dead, 17 were civilian technical specialists.

The Nerpa has been commissioned and leased to India for 10 years for nearly $1 billion and would provide Navy the opportunity to train and operate such nuclear-powered vessels. Before leasing the Nerpa, the Indian Navy only had diesel submarines made in Russia, Germany and France.

The heart of the submarine is its nuclear reactor which has been made by Russia. Its displacement is around 8,140 tonnes. With a maximum speed of 30 knots, the vessel can go up to 600 meters in water and has an endurance of 100 days with a crew of 73.

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DRDO Tests Autonomous Underwater Vehicle

Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV)- An autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) is a robot which travels underwater without requiring input from an operator. In military applications AUVs are more often referred to simply as unmanned undersea vehicles (UUVs).

The aim of the AUV is to aid the Indian Navy in surveying waters and help in the deterrence of hostile ships or submarines.

The control and navigation algorithms and guidance strategy for DRDO's 1,500 kg Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) was developed by the Department of Engineering Design, IIT Madras.

The AUV has already passed the first stage of DRDO’s project level testing. There is now a proposal to expand the AUV project to a major development programme. The project level testing is basically to prove that technological integration of the software developed by IIT Madras with the hardware is possible, and the integrated system works as a whole.

The four-metre long, 1.4-metre wide, 1,500 kg, flat fish-shaped vehicle can travel at a speed of about 7 km per hour at depths of up to 300 metres below sea level.

Heart of the vehicle

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