Peninsular Rivers of India(TM)

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Indian Geography through Maps - Very Informative and Useful

Indian Geography through Maps - Very Informative and Useful, shared by Madam. Smita Siri, I On behalf of our entire team & aspirants thank you for sharing such important post. We hope to see you continuing your good work!

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Part 3: Indian Geography Bits in Telugu Medium for APPSC, TSPSC Exams

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30+ Bits on Indian Geography in Telugu Medium

MCQ's on Indian Geography in Telugu Language

Also Read:

• Ancient, Sanskrit and Greek Names of Indian Rivers: General Knowledge
• Salt Water, Fresh Water & Brackish water Lakes of India
• Define Isoline? Types of Isolines: General Awareness
• Multipurpose River Valley projects in India
• Land forms produced by Internal and External processes of Earth
• Solar System and Planets for Civil Services
• 200+ General Knowledge questions for Civil Services, APPSC and Bank PO Exams
• Soils of India & Their Classification
• Indian Folk Dances
• statues of India
• Pillars of India
• Important Temples/Mosques/Fort/Gardens of Historical Importance in India

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Andhra Pradesh Geography Bits for APPSC in Telugu Medium

Andhra Pradesh Geography Bits for APPSC in Telugu Medium

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Energy Minerals in India ( Short Review in TM) - for Competitive Exams

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Major Seaports of India and their Importance

There are total 13 major sea ports of India, out of 12 are government and one, Ennore port of Chennai is the corporate one. 12 major ports of India are listed as follows:

1.Kandla Port- Gujarat: The Kandla Port is situated on the Gulf of Kutch near the Gandhidham city in Kutch District of Gujarat. It is a natural deep water port and it serves mainly the state of Gujarat. The Port of Kandla is the first special economic zone in India as well as in Asia. It is considered as India's hub for oil and food grains' imports. Kandla Port is hub for major imports like petroleum, chemicals and iron also export grains,salt and textiles. Port of Kandla is one of the highest earning ports of India, another port in Gujarat is Mundra Port,India’s largest private port.

History of the Port: The history going beyond English rule in India, but the importance came after India indipendance. Due to partition, India lost Port of Karachi and the traders came to port of Mumbai. By this Mumbai port strained beyond capacity. Due to this reason Union government starting the thinking of a new port and they decided it should build in Kandla.

2. Mumbai Port:  Natural Harbour and on West Coast with Konkan on its east and island of Mumbai on its west.. The Mumbai Port is located in the mainland of west Mumbai on the West coast of India with natural deep-water harbor. Mumbai Port is the largest port in India and handles bulk cargo traffic with its four jetties for handling Liquid chemicals, Crude and petroleum products. International container traffic of Mumbai Port is directed to the new and big Nhava Sheva port. The deep waters in the harbour provide secure and ample shelter for shipping throughout the year.

3. Cochin Port- Kerala: Natural Harbour and on west coast is  a major port on the Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean sea route. The port of Cochin lies on two islands of Willingdon and Vallarpadam and the largest container transhipment facility in India. Kochi Port is equipped with maritime facilities Cochin Shipyard, Kochi Refineries and Kochi Marina. Kochi city is famous for its traditional spices and well known as the port city of Fort Kochi during the European colonials. It also get its individual Kochi international airport, third international airport in the state of Kerala.

The port is India's first International Container Transhipment Terminal on Build-Operate-Transfer basis with Dubai Ports World, in the island of Vallarpadam, north of Willington Island. The new state-of-the-art facility will have capacity to handle about three million twenty equivalent units of cargo. Its main advantage from other ports in India is it lies near the busiest international ship channel.

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Railway Zones of India and Their Divisions

The journey of railways in Indian sub-continent started modestly in 1853 with 34 kilometers (kms). Iron wheels rolled on rails on 16th April, 1853, where the first-ever train, with a capital of Rs 3.8 million, carrying 400 people in 14 carriages, covered the 21-mile distance in about 75 minutes from Bombay to Thane.

The Railway Board in 1950 decided for the regrouping of the Indian Railways into six zonal systems, namely, the Northern, the North Eastern, the Southern, the Central, the Eastern and the Western Railways. By the year 1958, there were eight zones on Indian Railways. The formation of South Central Railway in 1966 as the ninth zone, in order to improve the services for the southern parts of India. At Present there are 17  railway zone.

The Metro Railway of Kolkata, the country's became the 17th Railway Zone in 2010. It was on this day in 1972 when the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi had laid the foundation stone for the Kolkata Metro which initially connected Dum Dum in the north to Tollygunje in the South.

S No.	Name of the Railway Zone	Zonal Headquarter	Division
1	Central Railway	Mumbai	1) Mumbai
			2) Nagpur
			3) Bhusawal
			4) Pune
			5) Sholapur
2	Eastern Railway	Kolkata	1) Howrah-I
			2) Howrah-II
			3) Sealdah
			4) Malda
			5) Asansol
			6) Chitaranjan

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Indian States - Passing through Tropic of Cancer & Boundaries with Foreign Countries

List of International boundaries of India, state boundaries of India with other countries, India china border states, boundary of India and Pakistan, India Pakistan border states, India Bangladesh border states, India Myanmar border states, India Afghanistan border states. 

Scientists Recent View: India would save 2.7 billion units of electricity every year by shifting the IST meridian eastward (from 82.5E longitude in Uttar Pradesh to 90E near the Assam-Bengal border), calculate d by scientists. Assam Chief Minister Tarun Gogoi recently announced his decision to reset the clock in the State an hour ahead of IST to save energy and increase productivity.

1. Bordering Pakistan: Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat.
2. Bordering China: Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh.
3. Bordering Nepal: Bihar: Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim and West Bengal.
4. Bordering Bangladesh: West Bengal, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Tripura and Assam.
5. Bordering Bhutan: West Bengal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh and Assam bordering Myanmar Arunachal pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur and Mizoram.
6. Bordering Afghanistan: Jammu and Kashmir (Pakistan-Occupied Area).

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Solar radiation / Insolation and its impact - Factors which influence them

 Insolation

• The Sun is the primary and the main source of light and heat in solar system. It radiates heat at all times and in all the directions which is called as solar radiation.
• Solar radiation heats both the atmosphere and the Earth. The rays of the Sun pass through the atmosphere but they do not heat the air as much as they heat the Earth's surface.
• The heat received by the Earth from the Sun is called insolation which comes to the Earth in the form of short waves.
• The atmosphere is more heated by insolation than by radiation. The Earth absorbs a lot of Sun's heat and energy but it reflects much of this heat and energy back to the atmosphere in the form of long waves.

Impact of the heated earth:

• The atmosphere is heated more by heated surface of the Earth which radiates back a large portion of that heat into the atmosphere than the incoming solar radiation. 
• Thus the heated surface of the Earth is more responsible for heating the atmosphere than the incoming solar radiation.
• The heated surface of the Earth warms up the atmosphere about two and a half times more than the solar radiation in a ratio of 34 : 14.

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Important Waterfalls in India with Map

India's Highest Waterfalls, Best Waterfalls with their heights and water falls on various rivers in India, Famous and beautiful waterfalls in Andhra Pradesh and India. 

A site on the long profile of a river where water falls almost vertically. Waterfalls may be found at a band of more resistant rock, at a nick point, or where deposition has occurred. There are many waterfalls in India.

Waterfall	Height(Meters)	River	State
Barehipani	399	Budhabalanga	Mayurbhanj (Odisha)
Barkana Falls	259	Sita	Shimoga (Karnataka)
Jog Falls	253	Sharavati	Shimoga (Karnataka)
Khandadhar Falls	244	Korapani Nala	Sundargarh (Odisha)

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PRECIPITATION - Different Types of Precipitatiom

When condensation takes place rapidly and continuously, the condensed particles grow in size. The air is unable to hold them and they fall on the surface of the earth. The condensation of water-vapour in the air in the form of water droplets or ice crystals and their falling on the earth’s surface is known as precipitation. Rainfall is the most common form of precipitation. Other forms of precipitation arc snowfall, sleet, hail. Etc.

Different Types of Precipitation

1. Rain — Rain is the most important form of precipitation. When the cloud rises up or is blown to a cooler region the small droplets of water become colder and they join together to form bigger drops. These drops cannot float in the air. They fall through the air on the ground as rain. Three conditions are necessary for the formation of rain drops: (i) There should be evaporation, (ii) There should be condensation, and (iii) There should be dust particles in the air.

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What is Condensation? Different Types of Condensation: Clouds, Fog, Dew & Frost Explained

Condensation is the phase transformation of water vapour to liquid water. Water does not easily condense without a surface present. Vegetation, soil, buildings provide surface for dew and frost formation. Particles act as sites for cloud and fog drop formation.

Types of Condensation

1. Clouds — When the moist air moves upward it cools down. When the temperature of the air reaches the dew point, the water vapours condense in the form of small droplets of water or ice crystals. These droplets cling to the dust particles and hang in the air in the form of clouds. They move hither and thither along the wind in the sky. Clouds are of a great variety depending on their height.

2. Fog — Fog is formed in the same way as clouds with the only difference that fog is formed near the surface of the earth or water bodies. It is formed when the moist air cools down below its dew point in the lower layers of the atmosphere. Fog is formed over the water when a cold current meets the hot current. Fogs are clouds in contact with the ground.  Several types of fogs commonly form a) Radiation fog  b) Advection fog c) Up-slope fog  d) Evaporation (mixing) fog.

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Different Types of Rainfall - Explained

Types of Rainfall: When the air rises it expands and gets cooled. When the air is cooled beyond the dew point, condensation takes place and results in rainfall. Rainfall occurs in three different ways and as such it is known by three different names, i.e.. the relief rainfall, the convectional rainfall and the cyclonic rainfall.

1. Relief Rainfall — Air is forced to rise, when it meets a mountain and is therefore cooled. If enough water vapour is present it is deposited on the windward side of the mountains. This is the most widespread form of rainfall. When the moisture-laden winds strike against the mountain ranges, they rise up. expand and down and bring heavy rainfall on the wind-ward side. Such a rain by the uprising winds striking against the mountains is called the Relief Rainfall.

Example of Relief Rainfall in India: The rain on the Western Ghats of India or on the southern slopes of the Himalayas is the relief rainfall. As winds cross over to the other side (leeward side) they lose most of their moisture. While descending they become warm and dry and hence there is less rain on the leeward side. The rainless area on the leeward side of a mountain is called the Rain Shadow Area. The Deccan region in India lies in the rain shadow of the Western Ghats.

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Mountain Passes in Western and Eastern Ghats India : General Knowledge

Mountain Passes in Peninsular India

Amba ghat (pronounced as Aamba ghat) is a mountain pass on Ratnagiri-Kolhapur road (NH 204) in Maharashtra, India, at a height of 2000 ft above sea-level,This ghat lies in the Sahyadri mountain ranges (Western Ghats) and has picturesque mountain-scapes and a pleasant climate. It is situated near Shahuwadi, Kolhapur district,and has nearby interesting places are Pawankhind and Vishalgad fort (including Rehan Baba Dargah). It is a convenient weekend destination for Kolhapur tourists.

Palakkad Gap is a 30-40 kilometers (19–25 miles) wide low mountain pass in the Western Ghats, near Palakkad town (previously known as Palghat) in the South Indian State of Kerala. 

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Mountain Passes in Himalayas : India - General Knowledge

Main Passes of Himalayas/ Mountain Gaps in India/ Mountain Passes in India:

Overall, the Himalayan mountain system is the world's highest, and is home to the world's highest peaks, the Eight-thousanders. There are 14 Himalayan peaks with elevation over 8,000 meters (26,000 ft). The rugged terrain makes few routes through the mountains possible. Many times a few questions are asked in every competitive exam of government job on this topic. They are discussed as below

Aghil Pass (Karakoram-Ladakh): Situated to the north of K2 in the Karakoram at an elevation of about 5000 m above the sea level, it joins Ladakh with the Xinjiang (Sinkiang) Province of China. It remains closed during the winter season from November to the first week of May.

Banihal Pass (Jawahar Tunnel): Connects hill areas of Jammu to the Kashmir Valley Situated at an elevation of 2835 m in the Pir-Panjal Range, joins Jammu with Srinagar. The pass remains snow covered during the winter season. The Jawahar Tunnel (named after Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru), inaugurated in December 19.56, was constructed for round-the-year surface transport.

Bara Lacha (Himachal Pradesh with Leh-Ladakh): Situated in the state of Jammu and Kashmir at an altitude of 4843 m. It is on the National Highway connecting Manali and Leh. Being a high mountain pass, it remains snow covered from November to mid-May.

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Ancient, Sanskrit and Greek Names of Indian Rivers: General Knowledge

Present Day Name	Alternate Name
Indus	Sindhu (Ancient name)
Jhelum	Vitasta (Ancient name); Hydaspes(Greek name)
Chenab	Asikini (Ancient name); Chandrabhagha
Ravi	Parusni (Ancient name); Airavati
Beas	Vipasa (Ancient name); Hyphasis(Greek name)
Sutlej	Sutudri (Ancient name); Zarodros (Greek name)
Brahmaputra	Dihang; Tsangpo(Tibetan)
Luni	Sagarmati
Gomati	Goyal
Yamuna	Jamuna

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Salt Water, Fresh Water & Brackish water Lakes of India

Note: (NLCP) - National Lake Conservation Plan
(R)- Ramsar site

A. Urban lakes
1. Bangalore city Lakes - Karnataka - 20 odd lakes out of 257, considered worth restoration. Four lakes under restoration - Vengaihnakere, Kamakshipalya, Jarganhalli & Nagavara. (NLCP)
2. Bhopal's Upper and Lower Lakes - also named Bhoj Wetland, Madhya Pradesh - 3201 ha. (R)
3. Bombay (Mumbai) city's lakes, Maharashtra - Powai, Tulsi, Vihar lakes -2200 ha. (NLCP)
4. Dal & Nagin Lakes, Jammu and Kashmir –1720 ha - Nagin - Jewel in the Ring. (NLCP)
5. Howrah's urban water bodies, West Bengal. 5. Howrah's urban water bodies, West Bengal.
6. Hyderabad city lakes, Andhra Pradesh - Hussain Sagar (3,300 ha) & Saroornagar (400 ha), Osmansagar (4,016 ha) and Himayatsagar (3,584ha) and other lakes. (NLCP)
7. Jalmahal Lake also called Mansagar lake, Jaipur city, Rajasthan -110 ha (after restoration).
8. Jaisamand lake or Dhebar lake, Rajasthan, -7224 ha.
9. Kodaikanal Lake & the Ooty lake, Tamil Nadu. (NLCP)

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Define Isoline? Types of Isolines: General Awareness

An isoline is a line connecting points of equal value . Isolines are often used on maps to represent points of equal value. This is a list of some common (as well as obscure) types of Isolines. The prefix "iso-" means "equal."

Meteorologists use Isolines to quickly show these temperature differences on a map. Isolines are effective because they very quickly communicate the distributions being examined.

Types of Isolines
Isolines	Isolines are often used on maps to represent points of equal value. This is a list of some common (as well as obscure) types of isolines. The prefix "iso-" means "equal."
isobar	A line representing points of equal atmospheric pressure
isobath	A line representing points of equal depth under water
isobathytherm	A line representing depths of water with equal temperature

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Multipurpose River Valley projects in India

Useful for: river projects in India, important river valley projects, multipurpose river valley projects, major river valley projects in India, river valley projects in India

1. Bhakhra Nangal Project = Punjab, Harayana, Rajasthan

- > Its a joint venture of Punjab, Harayana, Rajasthan.

- > Its is India's biggest multi-purpose river valley project so far completed at a cost of Rs.236 Cr.

- > It consists of a straight gravity dam, 518 mts long & 226 mts high across the Sutlej at Bhakhra.

- > The Bhakhra dam impounds 986.8 Cr cubic mts of water.

- > The canal system of the project is now irrigating 14.8 lakh hectares.

- > It generates 1204 MW electricity.

2. Chambal Project = Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan

- > The Chambal project being jointly executed by M.P & Rajasthan.

- > In the 1st stage, the Gandhi Sagar dam & its 115 MW power station & the Kota barrage were completed.

- > The Rana Pratap Sagar dam with a power house of 172 MW capacity was constructed in the 2nd stage.

- > The 3rd stage comprises the construction of the Jawahar Sagar dam & 99 MW power station.

- > With the completion of all the stages, the project will generate 386MW of power.

3.Damodar Valley Project = Jharkhand , West Bengal

- > This project conceived for the unified development of irrigation, flood control & power generation in W.B & Jharkhand.

- > The project is administered by the Damodar Valley Corporation established in 1948.

- > The irrigation potential of the project is about 5.51 lakh hectares & its installed power generation capacity is 1181MW.

- > It is designed on the lines of Tennesse Valley Authority in the USA.

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