Fundamental Duties - Its Significance and Drawbacks in Indian Constitution

The Fundamental Duties of Indian Citizens were added as Article 51-A by the 42nd Amendment, 1976,

• Fundamental Duties added on the recommendation of Swaran Singh Committee.
• These are non-justifiable i.e their compliance cannot be enforced by law, but serves as moral responsibility on the citizens.
• Originally 10 Fundamental Duties , 11th Fundamental Duty was added by 86th Amendment in 2002. At Present we have 11 Fundamental Duties.
• Fundamental rights and Fundamental duties are correlated. Either of them cannot be ignored.
• To create a general awareness of the provisions of fundamental duties amongst the citizens on the lines recommended by the Justice Verma Committee in 1999

List of all 11 Fundamental Duties in India are

(a) It is the duty of every citizen to abide by the constitution and respect its ideal and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem.

(b) It is the duty to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom.

(c) It is the duty to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India.

(d) It is the duty of every citizen to defend the country and render national service when called upon to do.

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Borrowed Features of Indian Constitution from other constitutions

Why did Indian Constitution borrow features from other Constitutions around the globe?

The Founding Fathers of the Indian Constitution were wise enough to borrow from the experience gained in the working of various other Constitutions They also kept in mind the needs and conditions of India. Nearly 75 percent of the Constitution can be said to be a reproduction of the Government of India Act- 1935 with suitable adaptations and modifications.

Following are the Important Features which were taken from Other Constitutions:

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Election Commission of India - Indian Constitution for General Knowledge

Election Commission

•          Article 324 of the Constitution of India has provided for an Election Commission.

•          It is a permanent Constitutional body and is 3-Member Body.

•          The Election Commission was established on 25 January 1950. Originally the commission had only a Chief Election Commissioner. But, currently the commission consists of a Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and two Election Commissioners, appointed by the president of India. Which was seen as a move by politicians to curtail the commissioner's ability to act aggressively. The concept of multi-member Commission has been in operation since 1993, with decision making power by majority vote.

Chief Election Commissioner

Symbol of Election Commission

The President of India appoints the Chief Election Commissioner and two Election Commissioners.

Service conditions of Chief Election Commissioner:

1.         Chief Election Commission shall be appointed for a term of 6 years or till he attain an age of 65 years.

2.         He is ineligible for reappointment after his retirement.

3.         He is ineligible to hold any office of profit under the State after his retirement.

4.         His salary, allowances and pensions are charged under Consolidated Fund of India (CFI).

5.         His salaries, allowances and pensions cannot be reduced except during a financial emergency.

6.         He draws salaries and allowances at par with those of the Judges of the Supreme Court of India.

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Attorney General, Solicitor General & Advocate General in Indian Constitution Explained

Attorney General of India

Important Points

• The First Attorney General Was M.C Setavad at the time when India got Independence and Jawaharlal Nehru was our Prime Minister.
• Salary of Advocate General of India: 90,000 per month
• The First Solicitor General of India was C.K Daphtary
• Article 76 - Attorney General of India is the Indian government's chief legal advisor, and its primary lawyer in the Supreme Court of India.

The Attorney General for India is appointed by the President of India under Article 76(1) of the Constitution of India and holds office during the pleasure of the President. He must be a person qualified to be appointed as a Judge of the Supreme Court.

The Attorney General is responsible for giving advice to the Government of India upon such legal matters and to perform such other duties of legal character as may be referred or assigned to him by the President. The Attorney General has the right of audience in all Courts in India as well as the right to participate in the proceedings of the Parliament, though not to vote. The Attorney General appears on behalf of Government of India in all cases(including suits, appeals and other proceedings) in the Supreme Court in which Government of India is concerned. He also represents the Government of India in any reference made by the President to the Supreme Court under Article 143 of the Constitution.

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Quiz -33 (Q523 to Q572) - General Knowledge for Competitive Exams

523 Q) In U.P. Uranium is available in the district of— (A) Lalitpur(B) Jhansi(C) Mirjapur(D) Hamirpur

Show Answer

Ans : (A)

524 Q) In U.P. Urdu Training and Research Centre is situated in— (A) Barabanki(B) Bareilly(C) Lucknow(D) Rampur

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Ans : (C)

525 Q) In U.P. Urdu Training and Research Centre is situated in— (A) Barabanki(B) Bareilly(C) Lucknow(D) Rampur

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Ans : (C)

526 Q) In U.P. which one of the following tribes has the highest population ? (A) Saharia(B) Tharu(C) Agaria(D) Mahigir

Show Answer

Ans : (B)

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Railway Zones of India and Their Divisions

The journey of railways in Indian sub-continent started modestly in 1853 with 34 kilometers (kms). Iron wheels rolled on rails on 16th April, 1853, where the first-ever train, with a capital of Rs 3.8 million, carrying 400 people in 14 carriages, covered the 21-mile distance in about 75 minutes from Bombay to Thane.

The Railway Board in 1950 decided for the regrouping of the Indian Railways into six zonal systems, namely, the Northern, the North Eastern, the Southern, the Central, the Eastern and the Western Railways. By the year 1958, there were eight zones on Indian Railways. The formation of South Central Railway in 1966 as the ninth zone, in order to improve the services for the southern parts of India. At Present there are 17  railway zone.

The Metro Railway of Kolkata, the country's became the 17th Railway Zone in 2010. It was on this day in 1972 when the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi had laid the foundation stone for the Kolkata Metro which initially connected Dum Dum in the north to Tollygunje in the South.

S No.	Name of the Railway Zone	Zonal Headquarter	Division
1	Central Railway	Mumbai	1) Mumbai
			2) Nagpur
			3) Bhusawal
			4) Pune
			5) Sholapur
2	Eastern Railway	Kolkata	1) Howrah-I
			2) Howrah-II
			3) Sealdah
			4) Malda
			5) Asansol
			6) Chitaranjan

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Indian States - Passing through Tropic of Cancer & Boundaries with Foreign Countries

List of International boundaries of India, state boundaries of India with other countries, India china border states, boundary of India and Pakistan, India Pakistan border states, India Bangladesh border states, India Myanmar border states, India Afghanistan border states. 

Scientists Recent View: India would save 2.7 billion units of electricity every year by shifting the IST meridian eastward (from 82.5E longitude in Uttar Pradesh to 90E near the Assam-Bengal border), calculate d by scientists. Assam Chief Minister Tarun Gogoi recently announced his decision to reset the clock in the State an hour ahead of IST to save energy and increase productivity.

1. Bordering Pakistan: Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat.
2. Bordering China: Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh.
3. Bordering Nepal: Bihar: Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim and West Bengal.
4. Bordering Bangladesh: West Bengal, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Tripura and Assam.
5. Bordering Bhutan: West Bengal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh and Assam bordering Myanmar Arunachal pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur and Mizoram.
6. Bordering Afghanistan: Jammu and Kashmir (Pakistan-Occupied Area).

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Solar radiation / Insolation and its impact - Factors which influence them

 Insolation

• The Sun is the primary and the main source of light and heat in solar system. It radiates heat at all times and in all the directions which is called as solar radiation.
• Solar radiation heats both the atmosphere and the Earth. The rays of the Sun pass through the atmosphere but they do not heat the air as much as they heat the Earth's surface.
• The heat received by the Earth from the Sun is called insolation which comes to the Earth in the form of short waves.
• The atmosphere is more heated by insolation than by radiation. The Earth absorbs a lot of Sun's heat and energy but it reflects much of this heat and energy back to the atmosphere in the form of long waves.

Impact of the heated earth:

• The atmosphere is heated more by heated surface of the Earth which radiates back a large portion of that heat into the atmosphere than the incoming solar radiation. 
• Thus the heated surface of the Earth is more responsible for heating the atmosphere than the incoming solar radiation.
• The heated surface of the Earth warms up the atmosphere about two and a half times more than the solar radiation in a ratio of 34 : 14.

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Important Vaccines and Persons who discovered them - GK for Competitive Exams

Scientists who discovered vaccines, Who developed vaccine for Humans, Vaccine Discovery in World.

Vaccine	Discovered by
Small pox	Edward Jenner (1786) of Gloucestershire made the first, successful small pox vaccination.
Cholera	Louis Pasteur (1880) of France prepared the first Cholera vaccine.
Diphtheria and tetanus	Emil Adolf Von Belming and Shibasaburo Kitasato of Germany and Japan respectively(1891) developed anti-toxins to treat diphtheria and tetanus.

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Important Therapeutic Instruments in Medicine

Artificial Kidney: It is a device containing tubes of chambers of a special membranes immersed in bath dialysing solutions. used to remove waste material front the blood of the patient. whose kidney do not work properly.

Pacemaker: lt is a device used to produce and maintain a normal heart rate in patients  who have ‘heart block`. lt may be used as temporary measure with extemal battery or it may be pemiancnt. when whole apparatus is surgically implanted under skin.

Angioplasty: Used to open blocked coronary artery vessel through ballooning. 

Dialysis is the artificial process of getting rid of waste (diffusion) and unwanted water (ultrafiltration) from the blood. This process is naturally done by our kidneys.

Angiography:

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List of Indian musical instruments and their famous players - General Knowledge

Instruments	Exponents
Flute	Hari Prasad Chaurasia, Raghunath Seth, Pannalal Ghosh, B. Kunjamani, N. Neela, Rajendra Prasanna, Rajendra Kulkarni, Prakash Saxena
Ghatam	T.H. Vinayakaram
Guitar	Vishwamohan Bhatt, Jatin Mazumdar, Brij Bhushan Kabra, Sri Krishna Nalin, Keshav Jalegaonkar
Harmonium	Jnan Prakash Ghosh, Shri Purushottam Walawalkar, Appa Jalgaonkar

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Locations of Important Museums in India - GK for Civil Service Exams

Important Museums in India
National Children’s Museum	New Delhi
Calico Textile Museum	Ahmadabad
Visvesvaraya Industrial and Technological Museum	Bangalore
Tippu Sulthan Museum	Srirangapatna
Sree Chithra Art Gallery	Thiruvananthapuram
Birla Industrial & Technological Museum	Kolkata
Birla Planetarium	Kolkata
Nethaji Museum	Kolkata

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Vote on Account - How is it different from General Budget?

The vote-on-account is usually presented when the government of the day does not have the time to present a full budget or because national elections may be near and propriety demands that the task of framing the full budget be left to the incoming government.

A full fledged Budget has to go through multiple stages including the general discussion, discussion on Demands for Grants of various Ministries/Departments, Appropriation Bill and Finance Bill. All this can take a long time. If for some reason, the government is not in a position to present a full budget before the period for which fresh spending authorization is required, it seeks Parliament's approval for incurring expenditure in respect of the new fiscal till a full budget is presented. 

In an election year, the Budgets may be presented twice—first to secure a vote-on-account for a few months and later in full. As a convention, a vote-on-account is treated as a formal matter and passed by Lok Sabha without discussion.
The vote-on-account is normally valid for for two months and is in operation till the full Budget is passed. But during an election year, it may be extended for a period more than two months if it is anticipated that the main demands and the Appropriation Bill will take longer than two months to be passed by the House.

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Consolidated, Public & Contingency Funds - Government Accounts Explained

Classification of Government Accounting in India For a specific treatment of government accounts in India. The constitution of India has clearly provided  for three funds or accounts:

(l) The Consolidated Fund of India [Article 266(1)]

(2) The Public Account [Article 266(2)]

(3) The Contingency Fund of India [Article 267(1)]

• These funds and accounts exist separately for the Government of India, for each State and for each Union Territory having a Legislative Assembly.  There is  no separate Public Account in the case of Union Territory Governments, the transactions pertaining to this account shall be booked in the Public account of the Central Government.
• The Accounts of Union Territories of Delhi, Andaman and Nicobar Island, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Lakshadweep, Chandigarh and Daman and Diu which do not have Legislative Assemblies, form part of the Accounts of the Government of India.
• Compare/Differences between Consolidated Fund and Contingency Fund of India and Public Accounts can be easily understood after reading the entire article.

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National Symbols of India

National Symbols and their Significance in India. List and chart of Indian National symbols:

National Flag-Adopted by the Constituent Assembly on July 24, 1947. the ratio between length and breadth is 3 : 2, consists of strips of three colours-Saffron, White and Green in descending order. it has a circle of Blue colour in the middle, which has 24 spokes.

National Emblem- The national symbol has been ideologically represented by the lion in the Ashoka stupa in Saranath. There are four lions in it and the fourth one that lies at the back is not visible in pictures. Beneath the four lions, there lies an 'Ashoka chakra' and side to side the pictures of oxes and horses. The line 'Satyameva Jayate', which means 'Truth alone Triumphs', was taken from the Mandako upanishad. The national symbol was approved on 1950 January 26.

National Anthem-Adopted by the Constituent Assembly on Jan 24, 1950, recited, for the first time, at the Calcutta Session of the Congress on Dec. 27, 1911. Fifty-two seconds are prescribed for recitation. lt is written by Rabindranath Tagore.

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Nature of Indian Constitution - Federal & Unitary Features - Differences- Advantage and Disadvantages

UNITARY GOVERNMENT IN INDIA & ITS FEATURES

It is often described as a centralized government. It is a government in which all powers held by the government belong to a single, central agency. The central government creates local units of government for its own convenience. A unitary system is governed constitutionally as one single unit, with one constitutionally created legislature. All power is top down. A unitary state is a sovereign state governed as one single unit in which the central government is supreme and any administrative divisions (sub national units) exercise only powers that the central government chooses to delegate.

ADVANTAGES of Unitary Government

1.   Uniform policies, laws, political, enforcement, administration throughout the country

2.   Less duplication of services and fewer conflicts between national and local governments

3.   Greater unity , stability and more flexible system.

4. Less Expensive and Simple Structure.

DISADVANTAGES of Unitary Government

1.     Central government out of touch with local concerns

2.     Slow in meeting local problems

3.    If the central government gets too involved in local problems it may not meet the needs of all its citizens

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The Gahadavalas of Kannauj: Kingdoms of South India

• A dynasty known as Gahadavalas ruled in Kannauj from the third quarter of the 11th century. Chandradeva the first great ruler of the dynasty established himself in Kannauj and made it his capital.
• He defeated the ruler of Panchala and was in possession of Ayodhya and Varanasi in addition to Kannauj and it is stated that he protected the holy places of Kusika (Kannauj), Kasi, Dttara Kosala (Ayodhya) and Indraprastha from the Muslims.
• He seems to have conquered the region from Allahabad to Varanasi from the Kalachuri Yasahkajna and made the letter place his second capital.

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Integrated Preparation for General Studies(TM)

అన్నీ పోటీపరీక్షలకు ఉమ్మడిగా ఉన్న అంశాలను గుర్తించాం. వాటికి సమగ్ర ప్రిపరేషన్ (ఇంటిగ్రెటెడ్ ప్రిపరేషన్) చేస్తే చాలాతక్కువ సమయంలో ఉద్యోగం సాధించవచ్చు. సాధారణంగా అన్ని పరీక్షల్లో కామన్‌గా ఉన్న అంశాలు, జనరల్ స్టడీస్, రీజనింగ్, అర్థమెటిక్, ఇంగ్లీష్, కరెంట్ అఫైర్స్. ముందుగా జనరల్ స్టడీస్ ప్రిపరేషన్ విధానాన్ని ఈ పరిశీలిద్దాం...

జనరల్ స్టడీస్:

సివిల్ సర్వీసెస్, స్టాఫ్ సెలక్షన్ కమిషన్ నిర్వహించే కంబైన్డ్ గ్రాడ్యుయేట్ లెవెల్, హయ్యర్ సెకండరీ లెవెల్, రైల్వే రిక్రూట్‌మెంట్ బోర్డ్ నిర్వహించే పరీక్షలు, రాష్ట్ర స్థాయిలో ఉండే గ్రూప్-1, గ్రూప్-2, ఎస్,ఐ., పోలీస్ కానిస్టేబుల్ తదితర పరీక్షల్లో ఉంటాయి. వీటిలో అంశాలు అవే అయినా పరీక్షస్థాయిని బట్టి కఠినత్వం మారుతుంది. సాధారణంగా చరిత్ర, పాలిటీ, ఎకానమి, సైన్స్, భూగోళశాస్త్రం (జాగ్రఫీ) అంశాల నుంచి ప్రశ్నలు ఉంటాయి. సివిల్ సర్వీసెస్ మినహా మిగతా పరీక్షల్లో ప్రశ్నలు నేరుగా, పెద్దగా విశ్లేషణ కోణంలో కాకుండా అడుగుతారు. ఉదాహరణకు గతంలో స్టాఫ్ సెలక్షన్ కమిషన్‌లో అడిగిన ప్రశ్నను చూద్దాం..

@ హుయాన్ త్సాంగ్, ఎవరి కాలంలో భారత్‌ను సందర్శించారు (హర్షుడి కాలంలో). ఇదే స్థాయిలో సివిల్ సర్వీసెస్ పరీక్షలో అడగరు. స్థాయి చాలాఎక్కువగా ఉంటుంది. 2013లో ఈ అంశంపై సివిల్ సర్వీసెస్‌లో అడిగిన ప్రశ్న- 

@ హుయ్యన్ త్సాంగ్ తన భారత పర్యటనలో భారత సాధారణ, సాంస్కతిక పరిస్థితులు పేర్కొన్నారు. ఆయన పేర్కొన్న వాటిలో కింది వానిలో సరైనదేది?

పై రెండు ప్రశ్నల తీరు చూస్తే సివిల్స్‌లో ఏ స్థాయిలో ప్రశ్నలు ఉంటాయో అవగతం అవుతుంది. అంటే సివిల్స్‌ను లక్ష్యంగా చేసుకుంటే, ప్రతి అంశానికి లోతైన అధ్యయనం అవసరం. కేవలం చరిత్రకే కాదు, పాలిటీ, సైన్స్, జాగ్రఫీ అంశాలకు కూడా ఇది వర్తిస్తుంది. పాలిటీలో వచ్చిన ప్రశ్నల తీరును పరిశీలిస్తే..

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Bank Po Reasoning Preparation Tips

ఏ పోటీపరీక్షలో అయినా అరిథ్‌మెటిక్, రీజనింగ్ చాలా ముఖ్య విభాగాలు. అభ్యర్థులు మానసిక సామర్ధ్యం, పరిశీలనా శక్తి, విశ్లేషణ పరిజ్ఞానం, సాధారణ గణిత సామర్ధ్యాలను అంచనా వేయడానికి ఈ రెండు విభాగాలను ఉపయోగిస్తారు. సివిల్స్ మొదలు రైల్వేలో అతిచిన్న ఉద్యోగాల భర్తీలోనూ ఈ విభాగానిది ముఖ్యభూమిక. ముఖ్యంగా బ్యాంకింగ్ పరీక్షల్లో ఈ రెండు విభాగాలు కీలక పాత్ర పోషిస్తాయి. అలాగే ప్రశ్నల కఠినస్థాయిని పరిశీలిస్తే బ్యాంకింగ్ పరీక్షల్లో ఇవి చాలా కష్టంగా ఉంటాయి.

బ్యాంక్ పరీక్షకు సిద్ధమైన విద్యార్థులు అరిథ్‌మెటిక్, రీజనింగ్ విభాగాలకు సంబంధించి అన్ని పరీక్షలను సులువుగా ఎదుర్కొనగలరు. అరిథ్‌మెటిక్‌లో సాధారణంగా కనిపించే అంశాలు- బోడ్మాస్ ఆధారిత ప్రశ్నలు, సరాసరి, శాతాలు, సరళ, చక్రవడ్డీలు, పని-కాలం, పని-దూరం, వైశాల్యాలు, చుట్టుకొలతలు.అన్ని పరీక్షలకు ఒకే రీతిన సిద్ధం కావడం సరైనది కాదు. బ్యాంకింగ్‌రంగ పరీక్షల్లో సమయం చాలా తక్కువగా ఉంటుంది. కాబట్టి ఆ పరీక్షలకు సిద్ధమయ్యే వాళ్లు కాన్సెప్ట్ నేర్చుకోవడం, షార్ట్‌కట్స్ తెలుసుకోవడం, ప్రాక్టీస్ చేయడం అన్న మూడు దశల్లో ప్రిపరేషన్ కొనసాగించాలి. 

అలాగే రాష్ట్రంలో నిర్వహించే ఎస్.ఐ. పరీక్షలోనూ అరిథ్‌మెటిక్ విభాగానికి సంబంధించి సమయం చాలా తక్కువగా ఉంటుంది. ఈ పరీక్షకు సిద్ధం అవుతున్న వాళ్లు కూడా వేగంగా సమాధానం కనుగొనేలా ప్రాక్టీస్ చేయాలి. ఇక సీ-శాట్, గ్రూప్ పరీక్షలకు సిద్ధం అవుతున్న వాళ్లు షార్ట్‌కట్స్ తెలుసుకోకున్నా పర్వాలేదు, కాన్సెప్ట్ తెలుసుకోవడం, ప్రాక్టీస్ చేయడం వరకు పరిమితం అయితే చాలు. ఇవే అంశాలు రీజనింగ్‌కు కూడా వర్తిస్తాయి. బ్యాంకింగ్ రంగంలో ప్రశ్నలస్థాయి చాలా కఠినంగా ఉంటుంది. ఈ విభాగానికి సంబంధించి కూడా కాన్సెప్ట్‌ను తెలుసుకోవడం, షార్ట్‌కట్స్, ఆ తర్వాత ప్రాక్టీస్ చేయడం మంచిది. 

కాన్సెప్ట్ బిల్డింగ్ ఎలా?

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Part 8 - India After 1947 Independence

APPSC Notifications 2014 material for APPSC History Telugu Medium Material for all Andhra Pradesh Government Job Notifications, GK Indian History Bits. 

Further Reading:
Index Page	Part 1	Part 2
Part 3	Part 4	Part 5
Part 6	Part 7	Part 8

  

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Part 7 - Arrival of Europeans, Independence Movement in India

APPSC Notifications 2014 material for APPSC History Telugu Medium Material for all Andhra Pradesh Government Job Notifications, Indian History Bits in Telugu Medium for Civil Service & APPSC Exams

Further Reading:
Index Page	Part 1	Part 2
Part 3	Part 4	Part 5
Part 6	Part 7	Part 8

  

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Part 6 - Bahamani Kingdom, Mughal Empire, Sikh Empire

APPSC Notifications 2014 & 2015 material for APPSC History Telugu Medium Material for all Andhra Pradesh Government Job Notifications.Indian History bits for UPSC IAS Exams, Bank PO Clerical exams, Indian History Bits in Telugu Medium for Civil Service & APPSC Exams, Araviti Dynasty, Tanjavuru Nayakas, Madhura Nayakas, Mysore Nayakas.

Further Reading:
Index Page	Part 1	Part 2
Part 3	Part 4	Part 5
Part 6	Part 7	Part 8

 

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Part 6: 40+ Important Bits on Nuclear Reactors (TM)

Bits/Mcqs on Physics for General Studies Part in APPSC Exams

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Special Status of Jammu and Kashmir- Features of Article 370

Article 370 and its features. Provision of special Status of Jammu and Kashmir in Indian Constitution useful for Indian Polity Section in UPSC IAS Exams and APPSC Bank Po Exams. After independence Pakistan attempted to annex the State militarily. Meanwhile, the Maharaja signed the Instrument of Accession with India along with certain concessions for the autonomy of the State. This special status of the State is enshrined in Art. 370 of the Constitution. Article 370 is not an anomaly but an exciting example of the infinite possibilities of federal and con-federal governance in India 

The important features of the Special status are as follows: 

1. The State has its own Constitution. This also implies that ‘dual citizenship’ principle is followed in this State. 
2. Contrary to the case with the other States, the residuary power lies with the Legislature of the Jammu & Kashmir (and not the Parliament).
3. No Constitutional Amendment Act passed by the Parliament is applicable to J & K unless it is extended so by a Presidential order  
4. The national emergency proclaimed only on the ground of war or external aggression shall have automatic extension to the State of Jammu & Kashmir. 
   
5.  No proclamation under Art.352 (National Emergency) can be applied to J & K without the concurrence of the State Government.This means that the national emergency proclaimed on the ground of armed rebellion shall not have automatic extension to J& K. 
6. The Directive Principles of State Policy do not apply to J & K and the Fundamental Right To Property still exists in the State. Article 35A of the adapted Union Constitution empowers the Jammu and Kashmir legislature to define its `permanent residents' and limit the rights to settlement and owning immovable property.  Arts. 19 (1) (f) and 31 (2) have not been abolished for this State and hence ‘right to property’ still stands guaranteed to the people of Jammu & Kashmir. 

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50+ Important Organisations and their founders in Indian History

Important Organisations and their founders in Indian History

Movement/Organisation	Founder
Abhinav Bharat	Vir Savarkar
Aligarh movement	Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
Amnesty International	Peter Benenson
Arya Samaj	Dayanand Saraswati
Bahiskrit Hitkarni Sabha	Dr BR Ambedkar
Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan	Kanhaiyalal Maneklal Munshi
Brahmo Samaj	Raja Ram Mohan Roy

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